Aurelian is a Roman emperor who reigns from summer 270 to September 275. He re-unifies and durably consolidates the Empire against the barbarians, and initiates religious and monetary reforms. He seizes Palmyra and brings Zenobia to Rome to be displayed as a spoils of victory.<hr>
Ptolemy I Soter, the "Savior" born around 368 BC and died in 283, is a Macedonian general of Alexander the Great and one of his main successors. He is appointed sovereign of Egypt in the partition of Alexander's empire in 323.<hr>
A satrap is the governor of a satrapy, that is, an administrative division of the Persian empire, the kingdom of Macedonia and the Seleucid empire. He is the direct representative of the king in a province, where he exercises all royal prerogatives.<hr>
Valerian is Roman emperor from 253 to 260. He shares power with his son Gallienus who succeeds him as the sole Roman emperor from 260 to 268. He is captured by Shapur I and dies in captivity at the hands of the Persians. Gallienus does nothing to save his father.<hr>
Shapur I is a king of kings who reigns from 240 to 272 AD over the Sassanid Empire, extending from Mesopotamia to the Indus. The Sassanids are an Iranian dynasty.<hr>
Gallienus, also called Gallien, is a Roman emperor. Initially co-emperor, he shares power with his father Valerian until 260 following the capture of the latter.<hr>
Mesopotamia is a historical region of the Middle East located between the Tigris and the Euphrates.<hr>
Nisibis is a noteworthy place in the history of Syriac-speaking Christianity.<hr>
Ctesiphon is an ancient Parthian city, on the left bank of the Tigris, 30 km southeast of the current city of Baghdad, Iraq.<hr>
The Parthians are a people settled in the northeastern region of Iran. Extending over Iran and part of Mesopotamia, they are defeated by the Romans. The Parthian dynasty of the Arsacids is overthrown by the Sassanids.<hr>
Heraclianus or Aurelius Heraclianus is a Roman soldier who reaches the rank of prefect at the end of the reign of Emperor Gallienus.<hr>
Ancyra is an ancient city that corresponds to today's Ankara.<hr>
Galatia is a historical area of Anatolia, around current Ankara, named after a Celtic people, the Galatians, who migrated there in antiquity, around 279 BC.<hr>
Bithynia is a historical region of Asia Minor located on the north coast of the Black Sea.<hr>
Chalcedon is a Greek city of Bithynia, currently in Turkey, located on the Sea of Marmara, at the eastern entrance of the Bosphorus.<hr>
The Bosphorus is the strait that connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and marks, with the Dardanelles, the southern limit between the Asian and European continents.<hr>

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